COLOR: Orange-brown (0-40-80-0) to dark orange-brown (0-60-100-10),

SHAPE: Mostly globose, subglobose, ocasionally ellipsoid

SIZE DISTRIBUTION: 80-130 µm, mean = 120 µm (n = 142)

SUBCELLULAR STRUCTURE OF SPORES

SPORE WALL: Two layers (L1, L2); the outer layer continous with the wall of the neck of the parent sporiferous saccule and the inner layer synthesized with development of the spore.

L1: Hyaline, thin (< 0.5 µm), rarely present except on immature spores with saccules

attached. L2: A layer consisting of very fine and adherent sublayers (or laminae), orange-yellow (0-40-80-0), 1.8-6 µm thick (mean = 4.1 µm). Surface consists of scattered pits with cone-shaped raised edges, with cone edges up to 1.5 µm high. Both density and arrangement of pits are highly variable, with some spores having few and others having many.

In PVLG		In PVLG & Melzer's reagent (1:1 v/v).

FLEXIBLE GERMINAL WALLS: Two walls (gw1 and gw2) are present that readily separate from each other and from the spore wall.

GW1: A bilayered hyaline flexible wall that separates easily from the spore wall and thus can be seen readily. Layers separate somewhat in most crushed spores. Both layers is of near equivalent thickness, 0.5-1.3 µm.

GW2: Consisting of two adherent hyaline layers. L1 is 0.5-1.0 µm thick (measurable only in PVLG), with granular excresences (or "beads") that tend to become dislodged and float away with applied pressure. These "beads" are stabilized after preservation in formalin, but otherwise may be absent on mounted spores within a few months of storage. L2 is plastic enough that it has been termed "amorphous" (originally defined as an "amorphous wall"). It is 1-8 µm thick in PVLG-based mountants, depending on amount of pressure applied to it while breaking the spore; staining red-purple (20-80-20-0) to dark red-purple (40-80-60-0) in Melzer's reagent. After fixation or in water, this layer loses its plasticity and is 1.5-4 µm thick.

SPORIFEROUS SACCULE

COLOR: Hyaline (see photo of whole spores at top of page).

SHAPE: Mostly globose to subglobose, occasionally irregular.

SIZE DISTRIBUTION: 100-128 µm

SACCULE WALL: One layer, smooth surface, 0.8-1.2 µm thick

DISTANCE FROM SACCULE TO SPORE: 40-90 µm.

GERMINATION

An ovoid "germination orb" forms on gw2, from which germ tubes form and penetrate through the spore wall. This orb is difficult to see except in older spores where contents have cleared with fusion of lipid globules in the spore lumen.

MYCORRHIZA

Arbuscules and intraradical hyphae stain faintly in trypan blue, although intensity can be highly variable with age of the mycorrhizae and host plant. Infection units appear to be patchily distributed with oblong to irregular vesicles often forming in small clusters.

All mycorrhizal structures in corn roots.

NOTES

In the protologue, the size range of this species is reported as 98-182 µm, but this included field collected as well as cultured specimens.

REFERENCES

Morton, J. B. 1986. Effects of mountants and fixatives on wall structure and Melzer's reaction in spores of two Acaulospora species (Endogonaceae). Mycologia 78:787-794.